
.. DO NOT EDIT.
.. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY.
.. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE:
.. "auto_examples/ensemble/plot_forest_importances.py"
.. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW.

.. only:: html

    .. note::
        :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note

        :ref:`Go to the end <sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_ensemble_plot_forest_importances.py>`
        to download the full example code or to run this example in your browser via JupyterLite or Binder.

.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title

.. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_ensemble_plot_forest_importances.py:


==========================================
Feature importances with a forest of trees
==========================================

This example shows the use of a forest of trees to evaluate the importance of
features on an artificial classification task. The blue bars are the feature
importances of the forest, along with their inter-trees variability represented
by the error bars.

As expected, the plot suggests that 3 features are informative, while the
remaining are not.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 15-21

.. code-block:: Python


    # Authors: The scikit-learn developers
    # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt








.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 22-28

Data generation and model fitting
---------------------------------
We generate a synthetic dataset with only 3 informative features. We will
explicitly not shuffle the dataset to ensure that the informative features
will correspond to the three first columns of X. In addition, we will split
our dataset into training and testing subsets.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 28-43

.. code-block:: Python

    from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
    from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

    X, y = make_classification(
        n_samples=1000,
        n_features=10,
        n_informative=3,
        n_redundant=0,
        n_repeated=0,
        n_classes=2,
        random_state=0,
        shuffle=False,
    )
    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, stratify=y, random_state=42)








.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 44-45

A random forest classifier will be fitted to compute the feature importances.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 45-51

.. code-block:: Python

    from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier

    feature_names = [f"feature {i}" for i in range(X.shape[1])]
    forest = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0)
    forest.fit(X_train, y_train)






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    </style><body><div id="sk-container-id-27" class="sk-top-container"><div class="sk-text-repr-fallback"><pre>RandomForestClassifier(random_state=0)</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class="sk-container" hidden><div class="sk-item"><div class="sk-estimator fitted sk-toggleable"><input class="sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually" id="sk-estimator-id-126" type="checkbox" checked><label for="sk-estimator-id-126" class="sk-toggleable__label fitted sk-toggleable__label-arrow"><div><div>RandomForestClassifier</div></div><div><a class="sk-estimator-doc-link fitted" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html">?<span>Documentation for RandomForestClassifier</span></a><span class="sk-estimator-doc-link fitted">i<span>Fitted</span></span></div></label><div class="sk-toggleable__content fitted" data-param-prefix="">
            <div class="estimator-table">
                <details>
                    <summary>Parameters</summary>
                    <table class="parameters-table">
                      <tbody>
                    
            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('n_estimators',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=n_estimators,-int%2C%20default%3D100">
                n_estimators
                <span class="param-doc-description">n_estimators: int, default=100<br><br>The number of trees in the forest.<br><br>.. versionchanged:: 0.22<br>   The default value of ``n_estimators`` changed from 10 to 100<br>   in 0.22.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">100</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('criterion',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=criterion,-%7B%22gini%22%2C%20%22entropy%22%2C%20%22log_loss%22%7D%2C%20default%3D%22gini%22">
                criterion
                <span class="param-doc-description">criterion: {"gini", "entropy", "log_loss"}, default="gini"<br><br>The function to measure the quality of a split. Supported criteria are<br>"gini" for the Gini impurity and "log_loss" and "entropy" both for the<br>Shannon information gain, see :ref:`tree_mathematical_formulation`.<br>Note: This parameter is tree-specific.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">&#x27;gini&#x27;</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('max_depth',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=max_depth,-int%2C%20default%3DNone">
                max_depth
                <span class="param-doc-description">max_depth: int, default=None<br><br>The maximum depth of the tree. If None, then nodes are expanded until<br>all leaves are pure or until all leaves contain less than<br>min_samples_split samples.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">None</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('min_samples_split',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=min_samples_split,-int%20or%20float%2C%20default%3D2">
                min_samples_split
                <span class="param-doc-description">min_samples_split: int or float, default=2<br><br>The minimum number of samples required to split an internal node:<br><br>- If int, then consider `min_samples_split` as the minimum number.<br>- If float, then `min_samples_split` is a fraction and<br>  `ceil(min_samples_split * n_samples)` are the minimum<br>  number of samples for each split.<br><br>.. versionchanged:: 0.18<br>   Added float values for fractions.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">2</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('min_samples_leaf',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=min_samples_leaf,-int%20or%20float%2C%20default%3D1">
                min_samples_leaf
                <span class="param-doc-description">min_samples_leaf: int or float, default=1<br><br>The minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node.<br>A split point at any depth will only be considered if it leaves at<br>least ``min_samples_leaf`` training samples in each of the left and<br>right branches.  This may have the effect of smoothing the model,<br>especially in regression.<br><br>- If int, then consider `min_samples_leaf` as the minimum number.<br>- If float, then `min_samples_leaf` is a fraction and<br>  `ceil(min_samples_leaf * n_samples)` are the minimum<br>  number of samples for each node.<br><br>.. versionchanged:: 0.18<br>   Added float values for fractions.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">1</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('min_weight_fraction_leaf',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=min_weight_fraction_leaf,-float%2C%20default%3D0.0">
                min_weight_fraction_leaf
                <span class="param-doc-description">min_weight_fraction_leaf: float, default=0.0<br><br>The minimum weighted fraction of the sum total of weights (of all<br>the input samples) required to be at a leaf node. Samples have<br>equal weight when sample_weight is not provided.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">0.0</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('max_features',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=max_features,-%7B%22sqrt%22%2C%20%22log2%22%2C%20None%7D%2C%20int%20or%20float%2C%20default%3D%22sqrt%22">
                max_features
                <span class="param-doc-description">max_features: {"sqrt", "log2", None}, int or float, default="sqrt"<br><br>The number of features to consider when looking for the best split:<br><br>- If int, then consider `max_features` features at each split.<br>- If float, then `max_features` is a fraction and<br>  `max(1, int(max_features * n_features_in_))` features are considered at each<br>  split.<br>- If "sqrt", then `max_features=sqrt(n_features)`.<br>- If "log2", then `max_features=log2(n_features)`.<br>- If None, then `max_features=n_features`.<br><br>.. versionchanged:: 1.1<br>    The default of `max_features` changed from `"auto"` to `"sqrt"`.<br><br>Note: the search for a split does not stop until at least one<br>valid partition of the node samples is found, even if it requires to<br>effectively inspect more than ``max_features`` features.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">&#x27;sqrt&#x27;</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('max_leaf_nodes',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=max_leaf_nodes,-int%2C%20default%3DNone">
                max_leaf_nodes
                <span class="param-doc-description">max_leaf_nodes: int, default=None<br><br>Grow trees with ``max_leaf_nodes`` in best-first fashion.<br>Best nodes are defined as relative reduction in impurity.<br>If None then unlimited number of leaf nodes.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">None</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('min_impurity_decrease',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=min_impurity_decrease,-float%2C%20default%3D0.0">
                min_impurity_decrease
                <span class="param-doc-description">min_impurity_decrease: float, default=0.0<br><br>A node will be split if this split induces a decrease of the impurity<br>greater than or equal to this value.<br><br>The weighted impurity decrease equation is the following::<br><br>    N_t / N * (impurity - N_t_R / N_t * right_impurity<br>                        - N_t_L / N_t * left_impurity)<br><br>where ``N`` is the total number of samples, ``N_t`` is the number of<br>samples at the current node, ``N_t_L`` is the number of samples in the<br>left child, and ``N_t_R`` is the number of samples in the right child.<br><br>``N``, ``N_t``, ``N_t_R`` and ``N_t_L`` all refer to the weighted sum,<br>if ``sample_weight`` is passed.<br><br>.. versionadded:: 0.19</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">0.0</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('bootstrap',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=bootstrap,-bool%2C%20default%3DTrue">
                bootstrap
                <span class="param-doc-description">bootstrap: bool, default=True<br><br>Whether bootstrap samples are used when building trees. If False, the<br>whole dataset is used to build each tree.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">True</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('oob_score',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=oob_score,-bool%20or%20callable%2C%20default%3DFalse">
                oob_score
                <span class="param-doc-description">oob_score: bool or callable, default=False<br><br>Whether to use out-of-bag samples to estimate the generalization score.<br>By default, :func:`~sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score` is used.<br>Provide a callable with signature `metric(y_true, y_pred)` to use a<br>custom metric. Only available if `bootstrap=True`.<br><br>For an illustration of out-of-bag (OOB) error estimation, see the example<br>:ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_ensemble_plot_ensemble_oob.py`.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">False</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('n_jobs',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=n_jobs,-int%2C%20default%3DNone">
                n_jobs
                <span class="param-doc-description">n_jobs: int, default=None<br><br>The number of jobs to run in parallel. :meth:`fit`, :meth:`predict`,<br>:meth:`decision_path` and :meth:`apply` are all parallelized over the<br>trees. ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend`<br>context. ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary<br><n_jobs>` for more details.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">None</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="user-set">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('random_state',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=random_state,-int%2C%20RandomState%20instance%20or%20None%2C%20default%3DNone">
                random_state
                <span class="param-doc-description">random_state: int, RandomState instance or None, default=None<br><br>Controls both the randomness of the bootstrapping of the samples used<br>when building trees (if ``bootstrap=True``) and the sampling of the<br>features to consider when looking for the best split at each node<br>(if ``max_features < n_features``).<br>See :term:`Glossary <random_state>` for details.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">0</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('verbose',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=verbose,-int%2C%20default%3D0">
                verbose
                <span class="param-doc-description">verbose: int, default=0<br><br>Controls the verbosity when fitting and predicting.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">0</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('warm_start',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=warm_start,-bool%2C%20default%3DFalse">
                warm_start
                <span class="param-doc-description">warm_start: bool, default=False<br><br>When set to ``True``, reuse the solution of the previous call to fit<br>and add more estimators to the ensemble, otherwise, just fit a whole<br>new forest. See :term:`Glossary <warm_start>` and<br>:ref:`tree_ensemble_warm_start` for details.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">False</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('class_weight',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=class_weight,-%7B%22balanced%22%2C%20%22balanced_subsample%22%7D%2C%20dict%20or%20list%20of%20dicts%2C%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20default%3DNone">
                class_weight
                <span class="param-doc-description">class_weight: {"balanced", "balanced_subsample"}, dict or list of dicts,             default=None<br><br>Weights associated with classes in the form ``{class_label: weight}``.<br>If not given, all classes are supposed to have weight one. For<br>multi-output problems, a list of dicts can be provided in the same<br>order as the columns of y.<br><br>Note that for multioutput (including multilabel) weights should be<br>defined for each class of every column in its own dict. For example,<br>for four-class multilabel classification weights should be<br>[{0: 1, 1: 1}, {0: 1, 1: 5}, {0: 1, 1: 1}, {0: 1, 1: 1}] instead of<br>[{1:1}, {2:5}, {3:1}, {4:1}].<br><br>The "balanced" mode uses the values of y to automatically adjust<br>weights inversely proportional to class frequencies in the input data<br>as ``n_samples / (n_classes * np.bincount(y))``<br><br>The "balanced_subsample" mode is the same as "balanced" except that<br>weights are computed based on the bootstrap sample for every tree<br>grown.<br><br>For multi-output, the weights of each column of y will be multiplied.<br><br>Note that these weights will be multiplied with sample_weight (passed<br>through the fit method) if sample_weight is specified.</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">None</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('ccp_alpha',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=ccp_alpha,-non-negative%20float%2C%20default%3D0.0">
                ccp_alpha
                <span class="param-doc-description">ccp_alpha: non-negative float, default=0.0<br><br>Complexity parameter used for Minimal Cost-Complexity Pruning. The<br>subtree with the largest cost complexity that is smaller than<br>``ccp_alpha`` will be chosen. By default, no pruning is performed. See<br>:ref:`minimal_cost_complexity_pruning` for details. See<br>:ref:`sphx_glr_auto_examples_tree_plot_cost_complexity_pruning.py`<br>for an example of such pruning.<br><br>.. versionadded:: 0.22</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">0.0</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('max_samples',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=max_samples,-int%20or%20float%2C%20default%3DNone">
                max_samples
                <span class="param-doc-description">max_samples: int or float, default=None<br><br>If bootstrap is True, the number of samples to draw from X<br>to train each base estimator.<br><br>- If None (default), then draw `X.shape[0]` samples.<br>- If int, then draw `max_samples` samples.<br>- If float, then draw `max(round(n_samples * max_samples), 1)` samples. Thus,<br>  `max_samples` should be in the interval `(0.0, 1.0]`.<br><br>.. versionadded:: 0.22</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">None</td>
            </tr>
    

            <tr class="default">
                <td><i class="copy-paste-icon"
                     onclick="copyToClipboard('monotonic_cst',
                              this.parentElement.nextElementSibling)"
                ></i></td>
                <td class="param">
            <a class="param-doc-link"
                rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://scikit-learn.org/1.8/modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#:~:text=monotonic_cst,-array-like%20of%20int%20of%20shape%20%28n_features%29%2C%20default%3DNone">
                monotonic_cst
                <span class="param-doc-description">monotonic_cst: array-like of int of shape (n_features), default=None<br><br>Indicates the monotonicity constraint to enforce on each feature.<br>  - 1: monotonic increase<br>  - 0: no constraint<br>  - -1: monotonic decrease<br><br>If monotonic_cst is None, no constraints are applied.<br><br>Monotonicity constraints are not supported for:<br>  - multiclass classifications (i.e. when `n_classes > 2`),<br>  - multioutput classifications (i.e. when `n_outputs_ > 1`),<br>  - classifications trained on data with missing values.<br><br>The constraints hold over the probability of the positive class.<br><br>Read more in the :ref:`User Guide <monotonic_cst_gbdt>`.<br><br>.. versionadded:: 1.4</span>
            </a>
        </td>
                <td class="value">None</td>
            </tr>
    
                      </tbody>
                    </table>
                </details>
            </div>
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.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 52-62

Feature importance based on mean decrease in impurity
-----------------------------------------------------
Feature importances are provided by the fitted attribute
`feature_importances_` and they are computed as the mean and standard
deviation of accumulation of the impurity decrease within each tree.

.. warning::
    Impurity-based feature importances can be misleading for **high
    cardinality** features (many unique values). See
    :ref:`permutation_importance` as an alternative below.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 62-73

.. code-block:: Python

    import time

    import numpy as np

    start_time = time.time()
    importances = forest.feature_importances_
    std = np.std([tree.feature_importances_ for tree in forest.estimators_], axis=0)
    elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time

    print(f"Elapsed time to compute the importances: {elapsed_time:.3f} seconds")





.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 .. code-block:: none

    Elapsed time to compute the importances: 0.018 seconds




.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 74-75

Let's plot the impurity-based importance.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 75-85

.. code-block:: Python

    import pandas as pd

    forest_importances = pd.Series(importances, index=feature_names)

    fig, ax = plt.subplots()
    forest_importances.plot.bar(yerr=std, ax=ax)
    ax.set_title("Feature importances using MDI")
    ax.set_ylabel("Mean decrease in impurity")
    fig.tight_layout()




.. image-sg:: /auto_examples/ensemble/images/sphx_glr_plot_forest_importances_001.png
   :alt: Feature importances using MDI
   :srcset: /auto_examples/ensemble/images/sphx_glr_plot_forest_importances_001.png
   :class: sphx-glr-single-img





.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 86-93

We observe that, as expected, the three first features are found important.

Feature importance based on feature permutation
-----------------------------------------------
Permutation feature importance overcomes limitations of the impurity-based
feature importance: they do not have a bias toward high-cardinality features
and can be computed on a left-out test set.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 93-104

.. code-block:: Python

    from sklearn.inspection import permutation_importance

    start_time = time.time()
    result = permutation_importance(
        forest, X_test, y_test, n_repeats=10, random_state=42, n_jobs=2
    )
    elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time
    print(f"Elapsed time to compute the importances: {elapsed_time:.3f} seconds")

    forest_importances = pd.Series(result.importances_mean, index=feature_names)





.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 .. code-block:: none

    Elapsed time to compute the importances: 1.203 seconds




.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 105-109

The computation for full permutation importance is more costly. Each feature is
shuffled n times and the model is used to make predictions on the permuted data to see
the drop in performance. Please see :ref:`permutation_importance` for more details.
We can now plot the importance ranking.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 109-117

.. code-block:: Python


    fig, ax = plt.subplots()
    forest_importances.plot.bar(yerr=result.importances_std, ax=ax)
    ax.set_title("Feature importances using permutation on full model")
    ax.set_ylabel("Mean accuracy decrease")
    fig.tight_layout()
    plt.show()




.. image-sg:: /auto_examples/ensemble/images/sphx_glr_plot_forest_importances_002.png
   :alt: Feature importances using permutation on full model
   :srcset: /auto_examples/ensemble/images/sphx_glr_plot_forest_importances_002.png
   :class: sphx-glr-single-img





.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 118-121

The same features are detected as most important using both methods. Although
the relative importances vary. As seen on the plots, MDI is less likely than
permutation importance to fully omit a feature.


.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing

   **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 1.722 seconds)


.. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_ensemble_plot_forest_importances.py:

.. only:: html

  .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example

    .. container:: binder-badge

      .. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg
        :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/1.8.X?urlpath=lab/tree/notebooks/auto_examples/ensemble/plot_forest_importances.ipynb
        :alt: Launch binder
        :width: 150 px

    .. container:: lite-badge

      .. image:: images/jupyterlite_badge_logo.svg
        :target: ../../lite/lab/index.html?path=auto_examples/ensemble/plot_forest_importances.ipynb
        :alt: Launch JupyterLite
        :width: 150 px

    .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter

      :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_forest_importances.ipynb <plot_forest_importances.ipynb>`

    .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python

      :download:`Download Python source code: plot_forest_importances.py <plot_forest_importances.py>`

    .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-zip

      :download:`Download zipped: plot_forest_importances.zip <plot_forest_importances.zip>`


.. include:: plot_forest_importances.recommendations


.. only:: html

 .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature

    `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery <https://sphinx-gallery.github.io>`_
